Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a systemic condition arising from disturbances in mineral metabolism, bone architecture, and vascular calcification that accompany progres...

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of CKD and ESRD worldwide. The 2022 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in CKD, produced with ISN endorsement and published...

For millions of people living with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), dialysis is not a treatment choice — it is a lifeline. Yet the form that treatment takes, where it happens, and how it fits into a pa...

Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe organ manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus and a significant cause of CKD and ESRD in young adults, particularly women. The ISN/RPS 2003 classi...

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to represent one of the most significant and growing public health challenges worldwide, with a disproportionate burden falling on low- and middle-income countri...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most consequential and frequently encountered syndromes in modern medicine. It strikes with alarming speed, often developing silently in patients who are alread...

For decades, the kidneys and the gut were studied largely in isolation. Nephrologists focused on filtration rates, electrolyte balance, and renal structural damage, while gastroenterologists and micro...

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) describes the pathophysiological interactions between the heart and kidneys in which dysfunction of one organ induces or perpetuates dysfunction of the other. The five-subty...